Grain Initiation and Grain Refinement: An Overview

Heterogeneous nucleation and grain initiation are two different processes in early-stage solidification (ESS), although both deterministic. refers to the formation of a 2-dimensional (2D) nucleus (a crystal plane solid) that can template further growth, while is hemispherical cap (3D) from which isothermal growth possible. It theoretically practically beneficial separate heterogeneous initiation. This paper provides an overview our recent understanding behaviour under conditions its consequences on refinement. After brief review involved ESS, we present single substrate. followed by systems with population nucleant particles varying particle types (corresponding undercoolings), where give detailed descriptions progressive initiation, explosive hybrid maps refinement maps. We then provide introduction rules govern competition for among multiple particles’ undercoolings sizes. Finally, practical implications A key finding this work more significant be achieved promoting using impotent particles, opposite traditional approach potent used enhance nucleation.